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A Chinese Muslim Sufi from Gansu, born 1719, whose Arabic name was Muhammad Amin; he founded the Naqshbandi-derived Jahriyya (vocal-dhikr) menhuan. He studied for some sixteen years in Mecca and Yemen (a disciple of Abd al-Khaliq) and returned to China around 1761, propagating an order centred on loud, audible dhikr — which brought sharp conflict with the silent dhikr of the Khufiyya. The Qing branded it the subversive 'New Teaching' and beheaded him at Lanzhou in 1781; the gongbei built over his grave is a place of pilgrimage. (Sources: en.wikipedia.org 'Ma Mingxin' & 'Jahriyya'; baike.baidu.com/en 'Ma Mingxin'; J. Lipman, Familiar Strangers)
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