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The Sufi who laid down the principles of the way of the Khwâjagân; one of the founding links of the Naqshbandî chain.
He was born in the village of Ghujduwân, some thirty kilometres from Bukhara. His father was 'Abd al-Jamîl the Imam, who was obliged to migrate there from Malatya; his descent is traced to Imam Mâlik.
At Bukhara he studied Qur'anic exegesis under Imam Sadr al-Dîn.
It is reported that he learned the silent remembrance (dhikr-i khafî) from Khwâja Khidr.
At about the age of twenty-two he joined the disciples of Yûsuf al-Hamadânî.
He gathered the principles of the way into eight rules called the kalimât-i qudsiyya: hûsh dar dam (awareness in every breath), nazar bar qadam (turning the gaze to the foot), safar dar watan (the journey of casting off human traits), khalwat dar anjuman (solitude within the crowd), yâd kard (remembrance), bâz gasht (return), nigâh dâsht (guarding) and yâd dâsht (keeping awake).
His Circle of Influence — He had four successors; through one of them, Khwâja 'Ârif-i Rîwgarî, the chain of the Khwâjagân continued and reached the Naqshbandiyya. The eight principles he laid down became in later centuries the common language of this way.
His Works — The Risâla-i Sâhibiyya and the Wasâyâ, which gives moral counsel to disciples, are attributed to him.
His Tomb and Complex — He is buried at Ghujduwân, where he was born.
Differing Scholarly Views
The date of his death is disputed: the source gives the years 575 (1179) and 617 (1220) together. The atlas makes no choice between them (rule #9, principle 3).
Sources
- TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA) — Necdet Tosun · vol. 1, p. 240, entry “ABDÜLHÂLİK-ı GUCDÜVÂNΔ
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